15th century copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. This miniature shows a doctor preforming urine analysis. There is a group of patients, each holding a "matula" (the vessel in which urine is collected), awaiting their turns with the doctor. The top and left borders show zodiacal figures. The Canon of Medicine is a 14-volume Persian medical encyclopedia written by Avicenna and completed in 1025. The work covers such basic subjects as anatomy and hygiene, describes a vast range of diseases and injuries, and lists hundreds of different medicines. Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Sina (980-1037), commonly known as Ibn Sina or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen and Hippocrates. His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age. A severe colic, which seized him on the march of the army against Hamadan, was checked by remedies so violent that Ibn Sina could scarcely stand. On his deathbed he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and read through the Qur'an every three days until his death. He died in 1037 at the age of 58.