Science Source ftp Apr 2015

14th century manuscript depicts Mahmud of Ghanza attacking rebels in the fortress of Arg in Sistan (Iran) with a massive catapult. Siege warfare was p...

14th century manuscript depicts Ilig Khan, leader of the Turkish Qarakhanids submitting to Mahmud. Mahmud's forces included elephants that terrified t...

Illustration from a treatise compiled for Saladin after the fall of Jerusalem. The shield-cum-bow's string is tautened by a winding key. The arrow eme...

Illustration from a treatise compiled fro Saladin after the fall of Jerusalem. The triple bow had three sets of cords linked to a crank and wheel whic...

Illustration from a treatise compiled fro Saladin after the fall of Jerusalem. A trebuchet is a siege engine that was employed in the Middle Ages. The...

15th century Mamluk treatise on military affairs. Burning naphtha was used to set ships and towns on fire and to scare horses. Naphtha men are shown c...

The Battering Ram is the earliest, simplest, most effective device for destroying stone walls and the ordinary defenses of fortified towns. The primit...

Crassus agreed to meet the Parthian general, but when he mounted his horse to ride to the Parthian camp, his junior officer Octavius suspected a Parth...

Felix Plater (1536-1614) was a Swiss physician and professor of medicine at the University of Basel for over 50 years. He founded a botanical garden,...

Antoine Portal (1742-1832) was a French anatomist, doctor and medical historian. He started his career as a teacher of anatomy. In 1803 he published "...

"The doctor discovers, one by one, the secrets of the human body." Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), the Belgian anatomist who founded modern anatomy. In...

Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (September 2, 1853 - April 4, 1932)) was a German chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his work on...

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865) was a Hungarian physician now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Semmelweis discovered that case...

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet and playwright. He is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. His surviving works...

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet and playwright. He is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. His surviving works...

?tienne-Louis Malus (1775-1812) was a French officer, engineer, physicist, and mathematician. He participated in Napoleon's expedition into Egypt (179...

William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) was an English chemist and physicist. In 1793 William obtained a doctorate in medicine from Cambridge University an...

Illustration from an 1892 Chemistry book for Lavoisier's apparatus for determining the composition of air. Base of retort sits on a small furnace; ope...

Illustration from an 1892 Chemistry book for Lavoisier's apparatus for determining the composition of air. Base of retort sits on a small furnace; ope...

Illustration from an 1892 Chemistry book for distillation by means of a metallic still. Retort and attachments sits on a furnace; neck is connected to...

Woodcut of a kneeling woman petting a unicorn. First mentioned by the ancient Greeks, it became the most important imaginary animal of the Middle Ages...

Woodcut from Georgius Agricola's De Re Metallica. Interior view of a workshop showing four men at various stages of the metallurgical process. Georgiu...

Woodcut from Georgius Agricola's De Re Metallica. Ground level and subterranean views of three mine shafts and a tunnel; variations on open and enclos...

Woodcut of Razi sitting at a low stand with an open book on it with other books scattered about the room. Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi (865-925 AD) was...

Achilles tending Patroclus' wounds from about 490-500 B.C. The painter is Euphronios, and the work is regarded as his masterpiece. In Greek mythology,...

Illustration from an 1892 Chemistry book for Faraday's experiment for investigating the different parts of a candle flame. An ignited candle in holder...

Edward Augustus Holyoke (August 1, 1728 - March 31, 1829) was an American educator and physician. He opened a medical practice in 1748 and practiced f...

Edward Augustus Holyoke (August 1, 1728 - March 31, 1829) was an American educator and physician. He opened a medical practice in 1748 and practiced f...

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was an English theologian, natural philosopher, chemist, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. P...

Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorized that there was a natural energetic transference tha...

A schematic diagram in the form of a pan-balance from a copy of the alchemical treatise Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar ilm al-mizan (Proof Regarding the Sec...

An elaborate multi-colored table from a copy of the alchemical treatise Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar ilm al-mizan (Proof Regarding the Secrets of the Scie...

A schematic table in the form of a series of pan-balances from a copy of the alchemical treatise Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar ilm al-mizan (Proof Regardin...

An elaborately decorated diagram from a copy of the alchemical treatise Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar ilm al-mizan (Proof Regarding the Secrets of the Scie...

An alembic or still-head (lower illustration) and a metal alembic with boiling vessel, illustrated in the margins of a copy of Shudhur al-dhahab, a co...

Stylized illustrations of three alembics with cucurbits occur within the text in a copy of Sharh Shudhur al-dhahab, a commentary by Abu al-Qasim Muham...

Elaborate distillation equipment illustrated in the margins of in a copy of Sharh Shudhur al-dhahab, a commentary by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abd Al...

A glass alembic or still-head illustrated in the margins of in a copy of Sharh Shudhur al-dhahab, a commentary by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah...

The upper marginal illustration shows a retort resting in a brick furnace, while the lower one shows a rather complex brick furnace. From a copy of Sh...

A diagram of the heavenly spheres in an anonymous and untitled Persian treatise on astronomy. The copy was completed on 20 Dhu al-Qa'dah 959 (November...

Planetary diagram in an anonymous and untitled Persian treatise on astronomy. The copy was completed on 20 Dhu al-Qa'dah 959 (November 7th, 1552) by S...

The colophon of a copy of a treatise on chemical medicine titled Ghayat al-itqan fi tadbir badan al-insan (The Culmination of Perfection in the Treatm...

Zodiacal constellations, Capricorn above and Aquarius below. From 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculo...

The zodiacal constellation of Pisces, in the middle, the southern constellation of Cetus shown here as a harpy wearing a crown, and, below, the conste...

A map of the inhabited world. From 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing)...

Six animal-headed demons or jinns. From 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat (Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Exist...

A simurgh ('anqa', a mythical bird) and, above, a bird that appears to be a hoopoe but is labeled 'aq'aq (magpie). From 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'...

Six constellations of the northern skies: Corona Borealis (al-fakkah), Cygnus (al-dajajah) shown here as a crested bird, and Lyra depicted as a green...

Five zodiacal constellations: Cancer, Leo, Libra, Virgo (a man sitting cross-legged with a sheaf of wheat in his right hand), and Scorpio. From 'Aja'i...

Eight constellations (from the top): Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius (a large figure drawing water from a well), Pisces, Cetus (a harpy with a peacoc...